DIU
In France, a university diploma (DU) or Inter (IUD) is a degree from a French university, a large facility or other institution other public scientific, cultural, professional, or more establishments jointly, as opposed to national qualifications which are issued on behalf of the department.
Principle
A university diploma (DU), in France, a university degree, contrary to the license, master and doctoral degrees that are national, that is to say, ‘state diplomas. The university is a restricted domain, oriented temporary or professional. Each university is authorized for the specific. Access mode, the duration of study, mode of assessment can be very different depending on the purpose of professionalizing graduate. Most of DU, however, attest to training of 1 to 3 months spread over the weekend for 2 or 3 years.
The ED are organized by a single university, while IUDs combine several universities to organize the same training (which typically takes place in different cities).
They do not fit into the BMD system and no university can require obtaining a UD ‘complementary’ to validate a state diploma LMD (although this dual training is often recommended in practice). These certificates are managed in local autonomy, that is to say out of the department’s overall staffing (staffing per student) and their rates are aligned with the training of private sector. They are particularly numerous in the field of medicine, ‘alternative medicine’, dentistry, pharmacy and psychology.
The teaching of osteopathic
The teaching of osteopathy, as its structure is not unified in the world.Highly organized in the United Kingdom, Belgium, Australia and New Zealand, countries where osteopathy is recognized, the teaching is organized in other countries around a strong idea, namely that being osteopath, c is a profession and a manual high-level independent study and responsibility.
In France, the doctors have access to the Inter-University Diploma (IUD), osteopathic manual medicine, over 2 years, given in 14 French universities. If the future principal osteopath is a member of a medical profession or para-medical (doctor, physiotherapist, midwife, nurse, etc..) Instruction is part time in alternating six years. If the future osteopath has no medical or paramedical diploma, teaching is a full-time education post-baccalaureate training in 6 years.
In both cases, education is sanctioned by a national exam that consists of a clinicat (examination and treatment of two patients in a real situation), a written test of basic sciences, the presentation of a brief, practical tests. This review provides the title of principal that is to say osteopathy degree (Doctor of Osteopathy and not). The new principal osteopath can then register in the Register of Osteopaths of France and add to its principal reference MRO (F) that is to say a member of the Register of Osteopaths (France).
Osteopathy worldwide
Arrival in the State of Victoria at the beginning of the century, osteopathy has been recognized since 1992 in 8 states, and recently also in the state of ‘Western Australia’ by the regulator. There is an Osteopathic Registration Board. Osteopathic schools are recognized and award 5-year Bachelor of Clinical Science and Master of Health Science Osteopathy (Osteopathy MHSc.). Osteopaths are grouped in the Australian Osteopathic Association.
Osteopathy is based on two poles, the first coming of the United States and second in Europe.In Quebec, the Quebec Register of Osteopaths (ROC) admits to membership any person who has completed a university degree in health sciences or equivalent training in osteopathy from 1200 hours of theoretical and practical tests succeed before a jury osteopaths. It provides public information, promoting quality of osteopathy, is respected by its members a code of ethics and professional conduct and certify training programs. Another association, the Alumni Association of Osteopathy (ADO) is also seeking the legalization of this new profession.
In Quebec, training is imparted in private schools (Quebec Osteopathic Centre, College of Osteopathic Studies and College of Graduate Studies in osteopathy) and generally lasts five years with a clinicat a year and the presentation of a memory.
The cradle of osteopathy, osteopaths have DO U.S. for about fifty years of regulation. They operate freely, have created more than twenty schools of osteopathy, travel the world and teach their art.They are grouped into two associations, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) and the American Academy of Osteopathy (AAO) which for ten years more and more open to the principal European osteopaths. The AAO is currently accepting among its principal European osteopaths under the title of International Affiliate Member. On March 29, 1996 was held in Atlanta, Georgia, 1st International Forum of Osteopathy which the French osteopath DO participated. The American Osteopathic Foundation is the philanthropic partner of the American Osteopathic Association. A monthly publication, the Journal of the American Osteopathic Association (JAOA) was born in September 1901.
The American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine (AACOM), founded in 1898, comprises 19 faculties and colleges of osteopathic medicine. Osteopaths (DO) as are physicians (MD) have four years of basic medical studies. For the specialty of osteopathic medicine, must be 2-4 more years.
The pan-European structures of osteopathy
The European Register of Osteopaths was established in the late 1980s:He is the guarantor of ethics, ethics and training. April 17, 1999, at an Extraordinary General Meeting in Brussels, its members decided unanimously to become European Federation of Osteopaths and adopting the acronym OTF.
The role of the OTF is to harmonize training and practice of osteopathy in Europe and act on the various European institutions so that each European state to recognize the profession of osteopathy. Its purpose is to unify all countries of the Union occupation of Osteopath DO
The registered office of the FEO is located in Brussels. Since December 6, 1999, OTF is an active member of the ECLA (European Council of Liberal Professions). This provision allows access to European osteopaths work of the Economic and Social Council is an organ of the European Union. OTF shall bring together the national associations representing osteopaths. Therefore, an osteopath can join OTF individually and must belong to the registry of his country, a member of OTF.
The FERO, Federal European Register of Osteopaths, founded in 1997, is a register of experienced European professionals and having satisfied the criteria of time of study, level of knowledge and efficiency, in accordance with the principles upheld by the Federation European Trade Union of Osteopaths (FESO) for an independent high level study and responsibility.
That May 29, 1997, through MEP Paul Lannoye, the European Parliament adopts Resolution on the Status of Non-conventional Medicine. The European Parliament adopted on 17 June 1998, Plenary Session, an amendment to the common position concerning the fifth framework program of research on the evaluation of the efficacy of unconventional therapies. The adopted amendment incorporates the entirety of Article 2 of the resolution on the status of non-conventional medicines in the European Parliament voted May 29, 1997 (A40075/97), namely: ‘The evaluation of the efficacy, safety and scope of non-conventional therapies, taking into account their preventive role and possibilities of individual and holistic approach to health. ‘
The European Commission establishes the B4 COST (European Cooperation in the Field of Science and Technology), to collect scientific work related to unconventional medicine. The final report was presented from 4 to 6 June 1998 at a large convention in Pavia (Italy) in the presence of Offices of Public Health of all Member States. (Source: ROF)
Founded in 1989, the International Society of Osteopathy is an educational organization. It includes a number of schools or osteopathic college in Europe. They are:Italy, the Instituto Superiore di Osteopatia (Milan), Spain, the Colegio Espanol Osteopatica Medicina (Madrid), France, Graduate School of Osteopathy (Paris), the Higher Institute of osteopathy (Lyon) and the College Eurostéo (Aix-en-Provence), Belgium, the Belgian Institute of Osteopathy (Gand), Great Britain, the British School of Osteopathy (London), Russia, the Russian School of Osteopathic Medicine in St Petersburg (associate membership), Latvia, Graduate School of Osteopathy of Latvia Riga (associate membership).
These schools were grouped within the same LOS, within the European Council of Osteopathic Schools in developing standards of higher education throughout consistent with those found in European universities, namely: 6 years of study, curriculum 5000 hours minimum after completion of secondary education (bachelor or equivalent), open to graduates medical or paramedical courses which include at least four years and 2,500 hours of study . This curriculum leads to a thesis of the thirdcycle and obtaining a diploma of osteopathy (WD or English DOE) third cycle.
IUD
This is a foreign body often with a copper part, introduced into the uterine cavity for the purpose of contraception.
It is often used when there is a cons-absolute indication (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia) to taking the contraceptive pill (see contraception).
Obtained contraception is not as complete as that obtained by taking the pill.
After ensuring that there are no cons-indications to the IUD (the latter being mainly represented by genital infections and bleeding disturbances), the doctor will make the device generally to the 10th day of cycle.
The choice of equipment depends on uterine size, the existence of heavy periods (but no organic anomalies).
The device is set up for 3 years.
If the device contains a progestin (used in case of existence of heavy periods), it will be changed every 18 months (Progestasert).
Before installation, an antispasmodic can be administered to prevent uterine contractions Blocker.
The IUD is painless or very little pain.
In the suites, some pain due to contractions yield to antispasmodic treatment simple. If bleeding occurs and do not yield to simple treatment, a consultation is needed.
You should know that patients sometimes forget their IUD. Pain, bleeding, while everything was going well, remember these women to wear an IUD and it is high time to look again.
Similarly, any loss white, any difficulty urinating must impose a further consultation.
Missed a period should be consulted. Pregnancy is not impossible with the IUD.
Wearing the IUD should be mentioned to the attending physician when treatment with anti-inflammatory drug prescribed for the treatment reduces the effectiveness of IUDs.
The use of an IUD should be considered as 3 to 4 months after childbirth, due to the quality of the uterine wall.The risk of perforation or infection is too great before that.
The IUD is an excellent contraceptive method among women over 35, especially if they smoke or those who have cardiovascular risk or family.
Women over age 35 do not generally want more children. The risk of infertility, sometimes induced by the IUD, therefore less important. On the other hand, these women have a sex life more stable than their younger and lower fertility permits to leave the IUD in place, if there were no complications, for five years.
However, some problems can occur: breakthrough bleeding or Menorrhagia (heavier periods can induce anemia, which causes fatigue, dizziness or loss of hair), ectopic pregnancy (rare: 0.8%), pelvic infections.
Levonorgestrel intrauterine contraceptive provides about 5 years
It delivers 20 micrograms of levonorgestrel per day directly into the uterine cavity, rendering the endometrium atrophic and therefore unfit for implantation of the egg
This device can be recommended for women with menstrual pain or headaches during menstruation.
There is an adjustment period of variable duration (sometimes 3 to 6 months) made of bleeding most often small, but permanent, may be associated with headache, breast pain, which gradually disappear.
After this period the rules will be shorter and less abundant with occasional periods of amenorrhea, but with a normal hormonal cycle.