Rhume sang
Mucus secretions are different viscous and translucent, produced by various agencies, and among them by various organs or mucous membranes.
References
The theory of primary apnea during sleep (the American pediatrician Steinschneider believed that some infants ‘forgot’ to breathe during sleep) in vogue in the 80s is now abandoned.
The sleeping babies on their backs without bedding or pillows, moderate temperature (18 ° -19 ° C) and the limitation of passive smoking have led to unexpected progress:
Most often, this is an infant aged 2 to 4 months found in his crib in the parental home. In the panic, the parents go to relief, sometimes try to make gestures of rescue (mouth-to mouth, CPR). Circumstances may be different. Death may occur in the car, during a walk in the pram, nursery, the nurse, with friends …
This is the ‘near miss’ of the Anglo-Saxon.The distraught mother or the nurse reported that she found the child still in his crib, blue, or pale, inert and not breathing.
A mouth to mouth or heart massage were performed. Spontaneous respiration resumed and the infant arrived at the hospital a little pink but prostrate. Clinical examination is normal.
Several tests are performed and proved normal (biological constants, lumbar puncture etc …) and the child is returned to his family after a few days.
The arguments are observed the existence of a cold day earlier, an epidemic of winter (influenza, viral bronchiolitis …), of hyperthermia (fever). Viruses are found in the lungs (respiratory syncytial virus RSV, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, etc. …). Several mechanisms may explain in this context death: central apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary edema, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis …
The GERD is now recognized as the probable cause of death or as a predisposing factor associated with other causes in 60 to 75% of cases.
In the case of reflux demonstrated by measurement of esophageal pH, postural therapy should be prescribed 24 hours 24. A healthy diet avoiding overeating, thickening of the meal, the addition of certain products (Propulsid, Vogalène …) are very useful. In some cases, surgery is necessary. This shows the importance of pH measurement or endoscopy before any unexplained apnea or cyanosis in an infant.
The mechanism is a reflex bradycardia resulting in circulatory arrest and unconsciousness by cerebral anoxia. The vagal reflex is triggered by various stimuli: pain or distention aerodigestive example. Immaturity or dysregulation of the reflex arc could be the cause of bradycardia highlighted by the study of reflex oculocardiac.
When the vagal hyperreactivity is found, treatment atropine (Prantal 10 to 15 mg/kg/24 hours) is recommended as a year.
The ‘heat stroke’ seems also common cause in SIDS:high fever during an infectious disease, child too covered, heated atmosphere, near a radiator etc..
Diagnosis is based on the finding of a high fever sometimes exceeding 40 ° C lasting several hours after death and the existence of sweating impregnating clothes and bedding.
Hyperthermia is responsible for central apnea. That would be the equivalent of febrile seizures in children older. Fever is more dangerous than the baby has little chance to fight it: clothing, blankets, role of lying on your belly
Accidents are often found in bedding. They are usually associated with other causes. Among these accidents: choking on his face buried under a duvet in a too soft mattress or pillow. Drug poisoning should always be mentioned.
The assumption would be that death follows asystole or ventricular fibrillation caused by the disorder of the electrical conduction in the cardiac nerve.
The physician’s role is fundamental in the management of SIDS. It is desirable that the deceased child is admitted to hospital specialist for clinical, biological, pathological to determine the cause of death.
The ministerial circular of 14 March 1986 allowed the establishment of ‘reference centers’ regional. The circular states that ‘the transportation of the body will be conducted by a special vehicle, belonging to a public hospital or private or a company approved by the prefect.’
Clinical examination of the infant who died must be careful: taking a temperature, abdominal palpation, examination of the mouth, larynx, upper airway, presence of sweating, looking for signs of dehydration, rash, purpura, etc. … Additional examinations are performed:bacteriological and virological pharyngeal and tracheal secretions, blood cultures, NFS, CSF study, suprapubic aspiration for urinalysis, radiographs of the skeleton, skull, chest etc.
MSN If a twin, the surviving twin should be hospitalized to be monitored. It must indeed eliminate infection and underlying disease (hyper-reflectivity vagal, GERD …).
Welcoming parents to the hospital must be a primary concern in order to exonerate and to inform them or refer them to a psychological treatment. Sudden infant death is a tragedy not only by parents but also for other family members. Doctors, psychologists, social environment can help them with their grief.
Older children are naturally very upset by the death of the infant. Psychological disorders are common (anxiety, sleep disorders, behavioral disorders and relational support). It is necessary in the presence of parents to explain the reality of the event.
Parents often ask for a subsequent pregnancy. Is there a hereditary risk of SIDS? Should we perform screening in the newborn? What prevention and the monitoring proposed?
In 90% of cases, the risk of recurrence of SIDS in a family is equal to or lower than the general population. To behave vis-à-vis the next child depends on the causes of SIDS and the risk more or less repetition they cause.
The prevention of sudden death is the goal of creating ‘Centres of Reference’ who work and analyze all records MSN.
Retrospective analysis of records in MSN allows you to find many cases of ‘warning signs’ of sudden death. These symptoms must be recognized in infants who become so ‘at risk’ of sudden death.
It must however be noted that 30% of cases, sudden infant death occurs without any warning sign in these cases which preclude screening for risk of SIDS.
The fight against prematurity and dysmaturity, treatment of nasopharyngitis in infants are already elements of the prevention of SIDS.
We must emphasize the dangers of poor Bedding baskets amounts somewhat rigid multiplying the risk of falls with injury and likely to close on the child, soft mattresses and pillows that impairs motility and respiration of the baby quilts and too thick blankets promoting the risk of landfill.
An environment too hot is dangerous clothing too thick enveloping the entire body, heated atmosphere too dry. The major risk of hyperthermia is particularly important when the infant is in the invasion phase of viral disease.
The sleeping position of the child is the subject of many controversies. For centuries, babies in Europe were lying on their backs. The Anglo-Saxon habit of sleeping on the belly has been introduced in Europe in the 1970s to reduce the risk of sudden death. In 1990, the volte face is clear.Australia, New Zealand and the United States advocate of sleeping babies on their backs and this position is recommended in France again!
The prone position was justified by the prevention of GERD, for better ventilation and improved airway patency and avoid the danger of hyperflexion of the spine when the child is lying on his back on his head a pillow. Lay the baby on his tummy avoid falling behind the jaw and tongue and prevents inhalation of regurgitated food.
This is not a means of preventing SIDS. Indeed it is shown that the incidence of SIDS has increased dramatically over the last twenty years in a number of countries who have advised babies to sleep on their stomachs. Several studies in different countries (Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Netherlands, France from 1986 to 1992) have shown the potential dangers of the prone position:major risk of hyperthermia (excessive temperatures, excessive trim or blankets, incipient infection) because it is the head that plays a fundamental role in the evacuation of heat and thermoregulation. The prone position runs the risk of suffocation under blankets or through a too-soft mattress. Risk of poisoning by chemicals released by some mattresses covered with plastics have been reported.
All these arguments do recommend a firm mattress, blankets light that the child can avoid, sleepwear adapted (‘surpyjamas). We must discourage the use of a pillow, quilt or down, the baskets for amounts not rigid. We must not put anything around the baby’s neck (chain, pacifier …). The mattress should not leave any free space with the edges of the bed.
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The mucus in humans
The most obvious manifestation of mucus nasal mucus is very fluid during colds, which leaves the nose when you blow your nose or sneezing. The nasal mucosa of 100 cm2 secret on average 1 to 2 liter nasal mucus per day while the man breathes 10,000 liters daily air. This mucus carries with it dust and microbes to the throat through the cilia. Swallowed the mucus and the litter are destroyed in the stomach. You can find it, when swallowed with mucus lung also swallowed, if not coughed up as sputum. In vulgar language, talking about snot (not to be confused with the disease) or Nase, when liquid, and boogers (crusts nose in medical language) when dried nasal mucus accumulating in the dust.The mania rhinotillexomanie means of cleaning one’s nose to bring the boogers (rejects the social convenience but it is a way to self-immunize, Institut Pasteur harvested until the 1980 bacteriological samples of droppings nose for sick children to perform autogenous), the rhinotillexophagie the eating its droppings; rhinorrhea means the flow of water nasal walls.
Faeces are also normally covered with a thin layer of lubricant mucus produced by the intestine. Under certain pathological circumstances, especially when intestinal amebiasis, feces and mucous membranes become frankly are referred to as rectal sputum.
References
The theory of primary apnea during sleep (the American pediatrician Steinschneider believed that some infants ‘forgot’ to breathe during sleep) in vogue in the 80s is now abandoned.
The sleeping babies on their backs without bedding or pillows, moderate temperature (18 ° -19 ° C) and the limitation of passive smoking have led to unexpected progress:
Most often, this is an infant aged 2 to 4 months found in his crib in the parental home. In the panic, the parents go to relief, sometimes try to make gestures of rescue (mouth-to mouth, CPR). Circumstances may be different. Death may occur in the car, during a walk in the pram, nursery, the nurse, with friends …
This is the ‘near miss’ of the Anglo-Saxon. The distraught mother or the nurse reported that she found the child still in his crib, blue, or pale, inert and not breathing.
A mouth to mouth or heart massage were performed. Spontaneous respiration resumed and the infant arrived at the hospital a little pink but prostrate. Clinical examination is normal.
Several tests are performed and proved normal (biological constants, lumbar puncture etc …) and the child is returned to his family after a few days.
The arguments are observed the existence of a cold day earlier, an epidemic of winter (influenza, viral bronchiolitis …), Hyperthermia (fever). Viruses are found in the lungs (respiratory syncytial virus RSV, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, etc. …). Several mechanisms may explain in this context death: central apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary edema, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis …
The GERD is now recognized as the probable cause of death or as a predisposing factor associated with other causes in 60 to 75% of cases.
In the case of reflux demonstrated by measurement of esophageal pH, postural therapy should be prescribed 24 hours 24. A healthy diet avoiding overeating, thickening of the meal, the addition of certain products (Propulsid, Vogalène …) are very useful. In some cases, surgery is necessary. This shows the importance of pH measurement or endoscopy before any unexplained apnea or cyanosis in an infant.
The mechanism is a reflex bradycardia resulting in circulatory arrest and unconsciousness by cerebral anoxia. The vagal reflex is triggered by various stimuli:pain or distention aerodigestive example. Immaturity or dysregulation of the reflex arc could be the cause of bradycardia highlighted by the study of reflex oculocardiac.
When the vagal hyperreactivity is found, treatment atropine (Prantal 10 to 15 mg/kg/24 hours) is recommended as a year.
The ‘heat stroke’ seems also common cause in SIDS: high fever during an infectious disease, child too covered, heated atmosphere, near a radiator etc..
Diagnosis is based on the finding of a high fever sometimes exceeding 40 ° C lasting several hours after death and the existence of sweating impregnating clothes and bedding.
Hyperthermia is responsible for central apnea. That would be the equivalent of febrile seizures in children older. Fever is more dangerous than the baby has little chance to fight it: clothing, blankets, role of lying on your belly
Accidents are often found in bedding.They are usually associated with other causes. Among these accidents: choking on his face buried under a duvet in a too soft mattress or pillow. Drug poisoning should always be mentioned.
The assumption would be that death follows asystole or ventricular fibrillation caused by the disorder of the electrical conduction in the cardiac nerve.
The physician’s role is fundamental in the management of SIDS. It is desirable that the deceased child is admitted to hospital specialist for clinical, biological, pathological to determine the cause of death.
The ministerial circular of 14 March 1986 allowed the establishment of ‘reference centers’ regional. The circular states that ‘the transportation of the body will be conducted by a special vehicle, belonging to a public hospital or private or a company approved by the prefect.’
Clinical examination of the infant who died must be careful:temperature taking, palpation of the abdomen, examination of the mouth, larynx, upper airway, presence of sweating, looking for signs of dehydration, rash, purpura, etc. … Additional examinations are performed: bacteriological and virological pharyngeal and tracheal secretions, blood cultures, NFS, CSF study, suprapubic aspiration for urinalysis, radiographs of the skeleton, skull, chest etc.
MSN If a twin, the surviving twin should be hospitalized to be monitored. It must indeed eliminate infection and underlying disease (hyper-reflectivity vagal, GERD …).
Welcoming parents to the hospital must be a primary concern in order to exonerate and to inform them or refer them to a psychological treatment. Sudden infant death is a tragedy not only by parents but also for other family members. Doctors, psychologists, social environment can help them with their grief.
Older children are naturally very upset by the death of the infant. Psychological disorders are common (anxiety, sleep disorders, behavioral disorders and relational support). It is necessary in the presence of parents to explain the reality of the event.
Parents often ask for a subsequent pregnancy. Is there a hereditary risk of SIDS? Should we perform screening in the newborn? What prevention and the monitoring proposed?
In 90% of cases, the risk of recurrence of SIDS in a family is equal to or lower than the general population. To behave vis-à-vis the next child depends on the causes of SIDS and the risk more or less repetition they cause.
The prevention of sudden death is the goal of creating ‘Centres of Reference’ who work and analyze all records MSN.
Retrospective analysis of records in MSN allows you to find many cases of ‘warning signs’ of sudden death.These symptoms must be recognized in infants who become so ‘at risk’ of sudden death.
It must however be noted that 30% of cases, sudden infant death occurs without any warning sign in these cases which preclude screening for risk of SIDS.
The fight against prematurity and dysmaturity, treatment of nasopharyngitis in infants are already elements of the prevention of SIDS.
We must emphasize the dangers of poor Bedding baskets amounts somewhat rigid multiplying the risk of falls with injury and likely to close on the child, soft mattresses and pillows that impairs motility and respiration of the baby quilts and too thick blankets promoting the risk of landfill.
An environment too hot is dangerous clothing too thick enveloping the entire body, heated atmosphere too dry. The major risk of hyperthermia is particularly important when the infant is in the invasion phase of viral disease.
The sleeping position of the child is the subject of many controversies.For centuries, babies in Europe were lying on their backs. The Anglo-Saxon habit of sleeping on the belly has been introduced in Europe in the 1970s to reduce the risk of sudden death. In 1990, the volte face is clear. Australia, New Zealand and the United States advocate of sleeping babies on their backs and this position is recommended in France again!
The prone position was justified by the prevention of GERD, for better ventilation and improved airway patency and avoid the danger of hyperflexion of the spine when the child is lying on his back on his head a pillow. Lay the baby on his tummy avoid falling behind the jaw and tongue and prevents inhalation of regurgitated food.
This is not a means of preventing SIDS. Indeed it is shown that the incidence of SIDS has increased dramatically over the last twenty years in a number of countries who have advised babies to sleep on their stomachs.Several studies in different countries (Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Netherlands, France from 1986 to 1992) have shown the potential dangers of the prone position: a major risk of hyperthermia (excessive temperatures, excessive lining or blankets, incipient infection) because it is the head that plays a fundamental role in the evacuation of heat and thermoregulation. The prone position runs the risk of suffocation under blankets or through a too-soft mattress. Risk of poisoning by chemicals released by some mattresses covered with plastics have been reported.
All these arguments do recommend a firm mattress, blankets light that the child can avoid, sleepwear adapted (‘surpyjamas). We must discourage the use of a pillow, quilt or down, the baskets for amounts not rigid. We must not put anything around the baby’s neck (chain, pacifier …). The mattress should not leave any free space with the edges of the bed.
Sudden Infant Death Forum Forum Forum Childhood Diseases Being Parents
Forum Health Forum Psychology Forum Nutrition
Types of mucus
Various plants including some algae produce mucilage external and internal. In the animal world, snails, slugs and other species (fish, some invertebrates) produce external mucus, with protection functions and sometimes ease of travel or communication (eg: signs of mucus left by the slugs) . The man also produces mucus in the lungs and digestive system.
References
The theory of primary apnea during sleep (the American pediatrician Steinschneider believed that some infants ‘forgot’ to breathe during sleep) in vogue in the 80s is now abandoned.
The sleeping babies on their backs without bedding or pillows, moderate temperature (18 ° -19 ° C) and the limitation of passive smoking have led to unexpected progress:
Most often, this is an infant aged 2 to 4 months found in his crib in the parental home.In the panic, the parents go to relief, sometimes try to make gestures of rescue (mouth-to mouth, CPR). Circumstances may be different. Death may occur in the car, during a walk in the pram, nursery, the nurse, with friends …
This is the ‘near miss’ of the Anglo-Saxon. The distraught mother or the nurse reported that she found the child still in his crib, blue, or pale, inert and not breathing.
A mouth to mouth or heart massage were performed. Spontaneous respiration resumed and the infant arrived at the hospital a little pink but prostrate. Clinical examination is normal.
Several tests are performed and proved normal (biological constants, lumbar puncture etc …) and the child is returned to his family after a few days.
The arguments are observed the existence of a cold day earlier, an epidemic of winter (influenza, viral bronchiolitis …), of hyperthermia (fever).Viruses are found in the lungs (respiratory syncytial virus RSV, influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus, rhinovirus, etc. …). Several mechanisms may explain in this context death: central apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary edema, myocarditis, meningitis, encephalitis …
The GERD is now recognized as the probable cause of death or as a predisposing factor associated with other causes in 60 to 75% of cases.
In the case of reflux demonstrated by measurement of esophageal pH, postural therapy should be prescribed 24 hours 24. A healthy diet avoiding overeating, thickening of the meal, the addition of certain products (Propulsid, Vogalène …) are very useful. In some cases, surgery is necessary. This shows the importance of pH measurement or endoscopy before any unexplained apnea or cyanosis in an infant.
The mechanism is a reflex bradycardia resulting in circulatory arrest and unconsciousness by cerebral anoxia. The vagal reflex is triggered by various stimuli:pain or distention aerodigestive example. Immaturity or dysregulation of the reflex arc could be the cause of bradycardia highlighted by the study of reflex oculocardiac.
When the vagal hyperreactivity is found, treatment atropine (Prantal 10 to 15 mg/kg/24 hours) is recommended as a year.
The ‘heat stroke’ seems also common cause in SIDS: high fever during an infectious disease, child too covered, heated atmosphere, near a radiator etc..
Diagnosis is based on the finding of a high fever sometimes exceeding 40 ° C lasting several hours after death and the existence of sweating impregnating clothes and bedding.
Hyperthermia is responsible for central apnea. That would be the equivalent of febrile seizures in children older. Fever is more dangerous than the baby has little chance to fight it: clothing, blankets, role of lying on your belly
Accidents are often found in bedding.They are usually associated with other causes. Among these accidents: choking on his face buried under a duvet in a too soft mattress or pillow. Drug poisoning should always be mentioned.
The assumption would be that death follows asystole or ventricular fibrillation caused by the disorder of the electrical conduction in the cardiac nerve.
The physician’s role is fundamental in the management of SIDS. It is desirable that the deceased child is admitted to hospital specialist for clinical, biological, pathological to determine the cause of death.
The ministerial circular of 14 March 1986 allowed the establishment of ‘reference centers’ regional. The circular states that ‘the transportation of the body will be conducted by a special vehicle, belonging to a public hospital or private or a company approved by the prefect.’
Clinical examination of the infant who died must be careful:temperature taking, palpation of the abdomen, examination of the mouth, larynx, upper airway, presence of sweating, looking for signs of dehydration, rash, purpura, etc. … Additional examinations are performed: bacteriological and virological pharyngeal and tracheal secretions, blood cultures, NFS, CSF study, suprapubic aspiration for urinalysis, radiographs of the skeleton, skull, chest etc.
MSN If a twin, the surviving twin should be hospitalized to be monitored. It must indeed eliminate infection and underlying disease (hyper-reflectivity vagal, GERD …).
Welcoming parents to the hospital must be a primary concern in order to exonerate and to inform them or refer them to a psychological treatment. Sudden infant death is a tragedy not only by parents but also for other family members. Doctors, psychologists, social environment can help them with their grief.
Older children are naturally very upset by the death of the infant. Psychological disorders are common (anxiety, sleep disorders, behavioral disorders and relational support). It is necessary in the presence of parents to explain the reality of the event.
Parents often ask for a subsequent pregnancy. Is there a hereditary risk of SIDS? Should we perform screening in the newborn? What prevention and the monitoring proposed?
In 90% of cases, the risk of recurrence of SIDS in a family is equal to or lower than the general population. To behave vis-à-vis the next child depends on the causes of SIDS and the risk more or less repetition they cause.
The prevention of sudden death is the goal of creating ‘Centres of Reference’ who work and analyze all records MSN.
Retrospective analysis of records in MSN allows you to find many cases of ‘warning signs’ of sudden death.These symptoms must be recognized in infants who become so ‘at risk’ of sudden death.
It must however be noted that 30% of cases, sudden infant death occurs without any warning sign in these cases which preclude screening for risk of SIDS.
The fight against prematurity and dysmaturity, treatment of nasopharyngitis in infants are already elements of the prevention of SIDS.
We must emphasize the dangers of poor Bedding baskets amounts somewhat rigid multiplying the risk of falls with injury and likely to close on the child, soft mattresses and pillows that impairs motility and respiration of the baby quilts and too thick blankets promoting the risk of landfill.
An environment too hot is dangerous clothing too thick enveloping the entire body, heated atmosphere too dry. The major risk of hyperthermia is particularly important when the infant is in the invasion phase of viral disease.
The sleeping position of the child is the subject of many controversies.For centuries, babies in Europe were lying on their backs. The Anglo-Saxon habit of sleeping on the belly has been introduced in Europe in the 1970s to reduce the risk of sudden death. In 1990, the volte face is clear. Australia, New Zealand and the United States advocate of sleeping babies on their backs and this position is recommended in France again!
The prone position was justified by the prevention of GERD, for better ventilation and improved airway patency and avoid the danger of hyperflexion of the spine when the child is lying on his back on his head a pillow. Lay the baby on his tummy avoid falling behind the jaw and tongue and prevents inhalation of regurgitated food.
This is not a means of preventing SIDS. Indeed it is shown that the incidence of SIDS has increased dramatically over the last twenty years in a number of countries who have advised babies to sleep on their stomachs.Several studies in different countries (Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, Netherlands, France from 1986 to 1992) have shown the potential dangers of the prone position: a major risk of hyperthermia (excessive temperatures, excessive lining or blankets, incipient infection) because it is the head that plays a fundamental role in the evacuation of heat and thermoregulation. The prone position runs the risk of suffocation under blankets or through a too-soft mattress. Risk of poisoning by chemicals released by some mattresses covered with plastics have been reported.
All these arguments do recommend a firm mattress, blankets light that the child can avoid, sleepwear adapted (‘surpyjamas). We must discourage the use of a pillow, quilt or down, the baskets for amounts not rigid. We must not put anything around the baby’s neck (chain, pacifier …). The mattress should not leave any free space with the edges of the bed.
Sudden Infant Death Forum Forum Forum Childhood Diseases Being Parents
Forum Health Forum Psychology Forum Nutrition
LOSS OF SMELL
Anosmia is the total or partial loss of smell.
This loss of smell almost always accompanied by loss of taste.
This syndrome is often resented by patients.
CAUSES:
In general, there is an alteration of the olfactory area of the nasal mucosa:
– Or congenital
– By obstruction (a simple cold that mouth several days the nasal cavity may be accompanied by transient loss of smell and taste)
– Either by trauma: bone fracture and clean the nasal septum can sometimes be responsible for anosmia and traumatic brain injury.
– Or nervous by the olfactory nerve (infectious, viral or tumor) or by causing the brain to the olfactory center.
Sometimes the loss of smell may be unilateral.
A naso-sinusal polyposis or non-allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia is also a possible cause of anosmia.
CT or magnetic resonance examination will make the diagnosis.
Finally, some diseases can cause anosmia:
– Alzheimer’s disease,
– Multiple sclerosis,
– Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
– Parkinson’s disease.
– Flu
– Sinusitis
– A deviated nasal septum
-Certain medications such as vasoconstrictors, local anesthetics, antibiotics
– Finally, tobacco, alcohol, cocaine can be responsible for anosmia
In case of tumor lesions, meningioma olfactory occupies a privileged place.
TREATMENT:
It is of course depending on the cause.
When the cause is congenital or nervous, treatment is difficult.
Show: Ageus
CACSOSMIE
DISORDERS OF SMELL
ENT specialist
Lariboisière Hospital
2 rue Ambroise Pare
Tel: 01 49 95 80 64