Vaccin obligatoire en france
Vaccination is a method of introducing an external agent (the vaccine) in an organism in order to create a positive immune response against infectious disease. The active substance of a vaccine is an antigen to stimulate the body’s natural defenses (immune system). The primary immune response allows a parallel storage of antigen presented to the future, during a real infection, acquired immunity can be activated more quickly. There are four types of vaccines in their preparation: inactivated infectious agents, live attenuated, subunit of infectious agents or toxoids (the diphtheria, tetanus’s).
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See ‘vaccination’ on Wiktionary.
Vaccination is an important measure to preserve the present and future health of the baby at collective level, it can participate in the progressive decrease in the number of people to eradicate the disease.In France, some vaccinations are mandatory, others are strongly recommended. The list of immunizations is summarized in the book of child health, vaccination in which each will be noted. 1 month before: BCG.Le BCG vaccination against tuberculosis. It is no longer mandatory, but strongly recommended, however, among children living in medium to high risk for TB (children born in a country highly endemic tuberculous child with at least one parent born in one of these countries, children living in adverse housing conditions … children living in Guyana and Ile-de-France!). A single injection is made, no reminder is exigé.Les unvaccinated children deemed at risk and may benefit from BCG until the age of 15.
Since 1938, vaccination against diphtheria is compulsory in France. Therefore this deadly disease has disappeared from France. But diphtheria is present in many countries and resurgent epidemics in the republics of the former Soviet bloc. So many reasons not to waive guard.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans is a bacterium that causes diphtheria. This highly contagious disease spreads from person to person through the air by direct contact with patients or healthy carriers. The only effective defense is vaccination compulsory in France for over 60 years.
History of vaccination
It is said that Indians and Chinese know variolation before the eleventh century but these early origins are questioned by some authors and the first mention of variolation appears indisputable in China in the sixteenth century. It was hoped that inoculate a few virulent form of smallpox by contacting the person to be immunized with the content of the substance suppurating blisters of a patient. The result, however, remained uncertain and risky, the mortality rate could reach 1 or 2%. The practice has gradually spread along the Silk Road. It was imported from Constantinople in the West in the early eighteenth century by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu.Voltaire in 1734 devoted his philosophical Letter XI, ‘On the small-pox, which he calls inoculation by assigning a Circassian, and stating that it is also practiced in England:
‘A bishop of Worcester has recently preached at London inoculation and it showed in practice how this citizen had retained subject to the state, he recommended pastor charity. We preach against in Paris this invention as salutary wrote twenty years experience cons of Newton; any evidence that the English are more philosophical and more daring than us. It must be time for a certain reason and a certain courage to cross the mind of Dover ‘
In [1760], Daniel Bernoulli showed that, despite the risks, the spread of this practice would save a little more than three years of life expectancy at birth. The practice of inoculation for smallpox has generated much debate in France and elsewhere.
For the first time, the 1770s until 1791, at least six people were tested, each independently, the possibility of immunizing human smallpox by inoculating them with cow pox, which was present on the udder cow. Among those who made the first tests are in 1774, an English farmer Benjamin Jesty on behalf of, and in 1791, a German schoolteacher named Peter Plett. In 1796, the English physician Edward Jenner will make the same discovery and fought so that we formally recognize the good result of immunization. 14 May 1796, he inoculated a child of pus on the hand of a farm infected with vaccinia, or smallpox from cows, which was present on the cow’s udder. Three months later, smallpox inoculation to the child who has proved immune. This practice gradually spread throughout Europe. The word vaccination comes from the Latin vacca, meaning cow.A recent writer – resuming it in an old debate that began when Jenner – points out that the practice could have been originally called Equine Equine vaccination. There is also evidence that in many occasions lymph vaccine were produced from horses (one of his early biographers even reported that Jenner inoculated his eldest son in 1789 with materials taken from a sick pig of swinepox)
The action principle of vaccination has been described by Louis Pasteur and his collaborators Duclaux and Roux, following the work of Robert Koch linking germs and diseases. This discovery enabled him to improve the technique. His first vaccination was vaccination of a herd of sheep against anthrax May 5, 1881. The first human vaccination (vaccination except in the original sense of Jenner) was that of a child against rabies July 6, 1885.Note that unlike most vaccines, the latter was performed after exposure to risk – here, the bite of the young Joseph Meister by a rabid dog and not before (the rabies virus, rising only slowly in the system nervous).
Principle of vaccination
The main purpose of vaccines is to induce the production of antibodies by the body, natural biological agents of defense of the body vis-à-vis the pathogens identified. A vaccine is therefore specific to a disease but not another. This production of antibodies gradually decreases within a longer or shorter, thus setting the duration of vaccine efficacy. It is measurable and the measure can be used in some cases to whether the subject is effectively vaccinated (vaccine against hepatitis B and anti-tetanus in particular).
Antibodies are produced by B cells differentiate into plasma cells. The number of memory B cells, not secreting but that react specifically to the presentation of an antigen appears, he does not vary over time.
However, some vaccines do not cause antibody formation but involve a cellular protection reaction known as is the case of BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin, vaccine for tuberculosis).
The immune system and ‘stimulated’ by the vaccine prevent an attack by the pathogen during a period can vary from one vaccine to another. This prevents the development of infectious disease at the individual level and, in the case of a contagious disease and a mass vaccination at the population level.
Ideally, vaccine should be inoculated as healthy people because of side effects of varying severity may occur with varying frequency. However they may be administered to people with chronic illnesses are particularly susceptible to certain infections (case of influenza vaccination of patients with respiratory diseases).
A vaccine may also produce antibodies, not against a germ, but against a physiological molecule produced either by the body.Thus, a vaccine targeted against angiotensin II, a hormone involved in controlling blood pressure, is being tested for treatment of hypertension.
Types of vaccines
Vaccines are usually inoculated by injection, but they can be oral (which has virtually eliminated rabies in Europe of 12 by vaccinating against rabies baits distributed to foxes in the wild) and vaccines by nasal spray are being tested (eg, influenza vaccine NasVax in Israel) or already in use (vaccines against seasonal influenza or against pandemic influenza in the U.S.).
Vaccines derived from inactivated infectious agents
Once the infectious agents identified and isolated, they are multiplied in large numbers before destroying them chemically or by heat. In this way vaccines are produced for example against influenza, cholera, plague and hepatitis A. Recent information suggests that pathogens may be electrocuted.This method, applied outside the previous expands the range of possibilities for eradication of infectious microorganisms, both bacterial strains that viral, etc..
Vaccines derived from live attenuated agents
Infectious agents are multiplied in the laboratory until they lost naturally or artificially, by changing their pathogenicity. The resulting strains are then unable to fully develop the disease they were talking before, but still retain their antigens and their ability to induce immune responses. This type of vaccine is generally more effective and more lasting effect than that which is composed of inactivated infectious agents. However, as it consists of micro-organisms whose viability must be maintained to be effective, conservation is more difficult. The main ones are live vaccines against measles, mumps, rubella, yellow fever, chicken pox, tuberculosis (BCG vaccine), polio (OPV), Rotavirus gastroenteritis.They are cons-indicated in pregnant women and immunocompromised persons.
Synthetic vaccines
Vaccines against hepatitis B or against HPV and are made up of proteins that occur naturally on the surface of these viruses. Generally these antigens are produced by genetically engineered yeast to produce them in large quantities the protein of interest.
Eliminating any risk of contamination, these vaccines, however, require that the mechanisms of immunogenicity associated with infections mentioned are well known, and that the surface proteins of infectious agents are stable and defined.
Vaccines made from inactivated toxins
When the worst symptoms of the disease are due to the production of toxins by the infectious agent, it is possible to produce vaccines only from these toxins by inactivating or chemically by heat (as a toxin is rendered harmless then often called a ‘toxoid’ or more generally a ‘toxoid’). Tetanus and diphtheria are two examples of diseases whose symptoms are due to toxins and against which vaccines are produced in this way.
Additives
Immunogenic products
Adding a product immunogen stimulates the immune response in the region of injection, thus improving the concentration of immune cells in the area, and antibody production. This increased activity can increase vaccine efficacy [ref. Desired]. This reaction often results in pain or redness at the injection site.
Plant viruses
Beginning in May 2008, Denis Leclerc suggested using a plant virus (which can only replicate in humans) as pseudovirion playing the role of adjuvant, to make vaccines more effective against long virus that mutate frequently (virus influenza or hepatitis C or against certain cancers).The principle is to associate with this protein-pseudovirion internal target for viruses, bacteria or cancer cells to attack and not so far as is one of the external proteins are those that mutate most. This new type of vaccine, which must still be evidence of its safety and effectiveness, would trigger an immune reaction within the cells, when viral replication.
Preventive vaccination
Preventive vaccination is a form of vaccination to stimulate natural defenses to prevent the onset of disease. She continues to see broadened its field and can prevent the following diseases:
The number of diseases that are trying to prevent an early age in France has continued to grow and it will probably in the coming years to introduce others, which requires the simplified example in using vaccines ‘multivalent’ (that is, effective against various diseases at the same time) to reduce the number of injections and increasing immunization coverage
Large-scale vaccination can significantly reduce the incidence of disease in the vaccinated population, but also (if the transmission thereof is only inter-human) in which it is not, the human reservoir the germ becomes very small. The eradication of polio type 2 in 1999 is the result of vaccination campaigns.
Contrary to popular belief, the role of vaccination in eradicating smallpox in 1980 would be minor according to a report from the WHO. It would appear that a strategy of surveillance and containment set up in the early 1970’s has been more successful in eradicating this disease.
Therapeutic vaccination
Also known as active immunotherapy (or, more formerly (?), Vaccine therapy, vaccine therapy), this technique involves stimulating the body’s immune system to promote the production of antibodies. There is therefore no longer prevent the onset of disease but to help the people already infected body to fight against the disease by restoring its immune defenses.
It has been credited Auzias-Turenne to be the source of therapeutic vaccination with its method of syphilization, Shepherd took over with his vaccine against rabies. Contrary to popular belief, however, vaccination against rabies is not therapeutic. In fact, pre-exposure (among those likely to be affected because of their job, for example) it is a usual vaccination (injection of the antigen which will stimulate the production of specific defenses). Post-exposure, that is to say after being bitten by an animal may be rabid, it is a passive and active immunization. Passive because it is an injection of immunoglobulin (antibody) specific against rabies and, simultaneously, injection of rabies vaccine. Unlike AIDS or cancer, rabies vaccination is far more experimental. In August 1890 Robert Koch announced he had discovered a substance that can cure TB: what treatment to tuberculin should not keep its promises.An article by Almroth Wright, published in 1902 and entitled Overview of the treatment of localized bacterial infections by inoculation of bacteria-based vaccines, for the first time explained clearly to the theory of vaccine therapy.
Unable to escape!
This health policy has eradicated diphtheria in France. In 1945, 45,541 cases were reported, there were over a thousand in 1960, one hundred in 1968. The last cases occurred in children or adults never immunized. Nevertheless it remains important to protect the bacteria continue to circulate worldwide.
Tetanus vaccine
This vaccine mandatory in France, is administered to infants, most often associated with diphtheria, pertussis and polio
It is necessary to administer three injections each a month apart and have a point next year.
A booster every ten years should be practiced throughout life.
It may be associated in the elderly to influenza vaccine (tetagrip)